| Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | T. Pauly |
| Request for Comments: 9532 | Apple, Inc. |
| Category: Standards Track | January 2024 |
| ISSN: 2070-1721 |
This document defines the next-hop-aliases HTTP Proxy-Status Parameter. This parameter carries the list of aliases and canonical names an intermediary received during DNS resolution as part of establishing a connection to the next hop.¶
This is an Internet Standards Track document.¶
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.¶
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9532.¶
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The Proxy-Status HTTP response field [PROXY-STATUS] allows intermediaries to convey information about how they handled the request in HTTP responses sent to clients. It defines a set of parameters that provide information, such as the name of the next hop.¶
[PROXY-STATUS] defines a next-hop parameter, which can contain a hostname, IP address, or alias of the next hop. This parameter can contain only one such item, so it cannot be used to communicate a chain of aliases encountered during DNS resolution when connecting to the next hop.¶
Knowing the full chain of names that were used during DNS resolution via CNAME records [DNS] is particularly useful for clients of forward proxies, in which the client is requesting to connect to a specific target hostname using the CONNECT method [HTTP] or UDP proxying [CONNECT-UDP]. CNAME records can be used to "cloak" hosts that perform tracking or malicious activity behind more innocuous hostnames, and clients such as web browsers use the chain of DNS names to influence behavior like cookie usage policies [COOKIES] or the blocking of malicious hosts.¶
This document allows clients to receive the CNAME chain of DNS names for the next hop by including the list of names in a new next-hop-aliases Proxy-Status parameter.¶
The value of the next-hop-aliases parameter is a String [STRUCTURED-FIELDS] that contains one or more DNS names in a comma-separated list. The items in the list include all alias names and canonical names received in CNAME records [DNS] during the course of resolving the next hop's hostname using DNS and MAY include the original requested hostname itself. The names ought to appear in the order in which they were received in DNS, for the sake of consistency. If there are multiple CNAME records in the chain, the first name in the next-hop-aliases list would be the value in the CNAME record for the original hostname, and the final name in the next-hop-aliases list would be the name that ultimately resolved to one or more addresses.¶
The list of DNS names in next-hop-aliases parameter uses a comma (",") as a separator between names. Note that if a comma is included in a name itself, the comma must be encoded as described in Section 2.1.¶
For example, consider a proxy "proxy.example.net" that receives the following records when performing DNS resolution for the next hop "host.example.com":¶
host.example.com. CNAME tracker.example.com. tracker.example.com. CNAME service1.example.com. service1.example.com. AAAA 2001:db8::1
The proxy could include the following proxy status in its response:¶
Proxy-Status: proxy.example.net; next-hop="2001:db8::1";
next-hop-aliases="tracker.example.com,service1.example.com"
This indicates that "proxy.example.net", which used the IP address "2001:db8::1" as the next hop for this request, encountered the names "tracker.example.com" and "service1.example.com" in the DNS resolution chain. Note that while this example includes both the next-hop and next-hop-aliases parameters, next-hop-aliases can be included without including next-hop.¶
The proxy can also include the name of the next hop as the first item in the list. This is particularly useful for reverse proxies when clients would not otherwise know the name of the next hop, and the next-hop header is used to convey an IP address.¶
For example, consider a proxy "reverseproxy.example.net" that receives the following records when performing DNS resolution for the next hop "host.example.com":¶
host2.example.com. CNAME service2.example.com. service2.example.com. AAAA 2001:db8::2
The proxy could include the following proxy status in its response:¶
Proxy-Status: reverseproxy.example.net; next-hop="2001:db8::2";
next-hop-aliases="host2.example.com,service2.example.com"
The next-hop-aliases parameter only applies when DNS was used to resolve the next hop's name, and it does not apply in all situations. Clients can use the information in this parameter to determine how to use the connection established through the proxy, but they need to gracefully handle situations in which this parameter is not present.¶
The proxy MAY send the empty string ("") as the value of next-hop-aliases parameter to indicate that no CNAME records were encountered when resolving the next hop's name.¶
DNS names commonly contain just alphanumeric characters and hyphens ("-"), although they are allowed to contain any character ([RFC1035], Section 3.1), including a comma. To prevent commas or other special characters in names leading to incorrect parsing, any characters that appear in names in this list that do not belong to the set of URI unreserved characters ([RFC3986], Section 2.3) MUST be percent-encoded as defined in [RFC3986], Section 2.1.¶
For example, consider the DNS name "comma,name.example.com". This name would be encoded within a next-hop-aliases parameter as follows:¶
Proxy-Status: proxy.example.net; next-hop="2001:db8::1";
next-hop-aliases="comma%2Cname.example.com,service1.example.com"
It is also possible for a DNS name to include a period character (".") within a label instead of as a label separator. In this case, the period character MUST first be escaped as "\.". Since the "\" character itself will be percent-encoded, the name "dot\.label.example.com" would be encoded within a next-hop-aliases parameter as follows:¶
Proxy-Status: proxy.example.net; next-hop="2001:db8::1";
next-hop-aliases="dot%5C.label.example.com,service1.example.com"
Upon parsing this name, "dot%5C.label" MUST be treated as a single label.¶
Similarly, the "\" character in a label MUST be escaped as "\\" and then percent-encoded. Other uses of "\" MUST NOT appear in the label after percent-decoding. For example, if there is a DNS name "backslash\name.example.com", it would first be escaped as "backslash\\name.example.com" and then percent-encoded as follows:¶
Proxy-Status: proxy.example.net; next-hop="2001:db8::1";
next-hop-aliases="backslash%5C%5Cname.example.com,s1.example.com"
In order to include the next-hop-aliases parameter, a proxy needs to have access to the chain of alias names and canonical names received in CNAME records.¶
Implementations ought to note that the full chain of names might not be available in common DNS resolution APIs, such as getaddrinfo [POSIX]. getaddrinfo does have an option for AI_CANONNAME ([RFC3493], Section 6.1), but this will only return the last name in the chain (the canonical name), not the alias names.¶
An implementation MAY include incomplete information in the next-hop-aliases parameter to accommodate cases where it is unable to include the full chain, such as only including the canonical name if the implementation can only use getaddrinfo as described above.¶
The next-hop-aliases parameter does not include any DNSSEC information or imply that DNSSEC was used. The information included in the parameter can only be trusted to be valid insofar as the client trusts the proxy to provide accurate information. This information is intended to be used as a hint and SHOULD NOT be used for making security decisions about the identity of a resource accessed through the proxy.¶
Inspecting CNAME chains can be used to detect cloaking of trackers or malicious hosts. However, the CNAME records could be omitted by a recursive or authoritative resolver that is trying to hide this form of cloaking. In particular, recursive or authoritative resolvers can omit these records for both clients directly performing DNS name resolution and proxies performing DNS name resolution on behalf of a client. A malicious proxy could also choose to not report these CNAME chains in order to hide the cloaking. In general, clients can trust information included (or not included) in the next-hop-aliases parameter to the degree that the proxy and any resolvers used by the proxy are trusted.¶
This document registers the next-hop-aliases parameter in the "HTTP Proxy-Status Parameters" registry <https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-proxy-status> as shown in Table 1.¶
| Name | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| next-hop-aliases | A string containing one or more DNS aliases or canonical names used to establish a proxied connection to the next hop. | RFC 9532 |