HTTP Caching

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document defines HTTP caches and the associated header fields that control cache behavior or indicate cacheable response messages.¶

4. Constructing Responses from Caches

When presented with a request, a cache MUST NOT reuse a stored response, unless: ¶

The presented effective request URI (Section 5.3 of [Semantics]) and that of the stored response match, and
the request method associated with the stored response allows it to be used for the presented request, and
selecting header fields nominated by the stored response (if any) match those presented (see Section 4.1), and
the presented request does not contain the no-cache pragma (Section 5.4), nor the no-cache cache directive (Section 5.2.1), unless the stored response is successfully validated (Section 4.3), and
the stored response does not contain the no-cache cache directive (Section 5.2.2.2), unless it is successfully validated (Section 4.3), and
the stored response is either:
- fresh (see Section 4.2), or
- allowed to be served stale (see Section 4.2.4), or
- successfully validated (see Section 4.3).

Note that any of the requirements listed above can be overridden by a cache-control extension; see Section 5.2.3.¶

When a stored response is used to satisfy a request without validation, a cache MUST generate an Age header field (Section 5.1), replacing any present in the response with a value equal to the stored response's current_age; see Section 4.2.3.¶

A cache MUST write through requests with methods that are unsafe (Section 7.2.1 of [Semantics]) to the origin server; i.e., a cache is not allowed to generate a reply to such a request before having forwarded the request and having received a corresponding response.¶

Also, note that unsafe requests might invalidate already-stored responses; see Section 4.4.¶

When more than one suitable response is stored, a cache MUST use the most recent response (as determined by the Date header field). It can also forward the request with "Cache-Control: max-age=0" or "Cache-Control: no-cache" to disambiguate which response to use.¶

A cache that does not have a clock available MUST NOT use stored responses without revalidating them upon every use.¶

4.1. Calculating Secondary Keys with Vary

When a cache receives a request that can be satisfied by a stored response that has a Vary header field (Section 10.1.4 of [Semantics]), it MUST NOT use that response unless all of the selecting header fields nominated by the Vary header field match in both the original request (i.e., that associated with the stored response), and the presented request.¶

The selecting header fields from two requests are defined to match if and only if those in the first request can be transformed to those in the second request by applying any of the following: ¶

adding or removing whitespace, where allowed in the header field's syntax
combining multiple header fields with the same field name (see Section 4.2 of [Semantics])
normalizing both header field values in a way that is known to have identical semantics, according to the header field's specification (e.g., reordering field values when order is not significant; case-normalization, where values are defined to be case-insensitive)

If (after any normalization that might take place) a header field is absent from a request, it can only match another request if it is also absent there.¶

A Vary header field-value of "*" always fails to match.¶

The stored response with matching selecting header fields is known as the selected response.¶

If multiple selected responses are available (potentially including responses without a Vary header field), the cache will need to choose one to use. When a selecting header field has a known mechanism for doing so (e.g., qvalues on Accept and similar request header fields), that mechanism MAY be used to select preferred responses; of the remainder, the most recent response (as determined by the Date header field) is used, as per Section 4.¶

If no selected response is available, the cache cannot satisfy the presented request. Typically, it is forwarded to the origin server in a (possibly conditional; see Section 4.3) request.¶

4.2. Freshness

A fresh response is one whose age has not yet exceeded its freshness lifetime. Conversely, a stale response is one where it has.¶

A response's freshness lifetime is the length of time between its generation by the origin server and its expiration time. An explicit expiration time is the time at which the origin server intends that a stored response can no longer be used by a cache without further validation, whereas a heuristic expiration time is assigned by a cache when no explicit expiration time is available.¶

A response's age is the time that has passed since it was generated by, or successfully validated with, the origin server.¶

When a response is "fresh" in the cache, it can be used to satisfy subsequent requests without contacting the origin server, thereby improving efficiency.¶

The primary mechanism for determining freshness is for an origin server to provide an explicit expiration time in the future, using either the Expires header field (Section 5.3) or the max-age response directive (Section 5.2.2.8). Generally, origin servers will assign future explicit expiration times to responses in the belief that the representation is not likely to change in a semantically significant way before the expiration time is reached.¶

If an origin server wishes to force a cache to validate every request, it can assign an explicit expiration time in the past to indicate that the response is already stale. Compliant caches will normally validate a stale cached response before reusing it for subsequent requests (see Section 4.2.4).¶

Since origin servers do not always provide explicit expiration times, caches are also allowed to use a heuristic to determine an expiration time under certain circumstances (see Section 4.2.2).¶

The calculation to determine if a response is fresh is:

   response_is_fresh = (freshness_lifetime > current_age)

freshness_lifetime is defined in Section 4.2.1; current_age is defined in Section 4.2.3.¶

Clients can send the max-age or min-fresh cache directives in a request to constrain or relax freshness calculations for the corresponding response (Section 5.2.1).¶

When calculating freshness, to avoid common problems in date parsing:¶

Although all date formats are specified to be case-sensitive, a cache recipient SHOULD match day, week, and time-zone names case-insensitively.
If a cache recipient's internal implementation of time has less resolution than the value of an HTTP-date, the recipient MUST internally represent a parsed Expires date as the nearest time equal to or earlier than the received value.
A cache recipient MUST NOT allow local time zones to influence the calculation or comparison of an age or expiration time.
A cache recipient SHOULD consider a date with a zone abbreviation other than GMT or UTC to be invalid for calculating expiration.

Note that freshness applies only to cache operation; it cannot be used to force a user agent to refresh its display or reload a resource. See Section 6 for an explanation of the difference between caches and history mechanisms.¶

4.2.1. Calculating Freshness Lifetime

A cache can calculate the freshness lifetime (denoted as freshness_lifetime) of a response by using the first match of the following: ¶

If the cache is shared and the s-maxage response directive (Section 5.2.2.9) is present, use its value, or
If the max-age response directive (Section 5.2.2.8) is present, use its value, or
If the Expires response header field (Section 5.3) is present, use its value minus the value of the Date response header field, or
Otherwise, no explicit expiration time is present in the response. A heuristic freshness lifetime might be applicable; see Section 4.2.2.

Note that this calculation is not vulnerable to clock skew, since all of the information comes from the origin server.¶

When there is more than one value present for a given directive (e.g., two Expires header fields, multiple Cache-Control: max-age directives), the directive's value is considered invalid. Caches are encouraged to consider responses that have invalid freshness information to be stale.¶

4.2.2. Calculating Heuristic Freshness

Since origin servers do not always provide explicit expiration times, a cache MAY assign a heuristic expiration time when an explicit time is not specified, employing algorithms that use other header field values (such as the Last-Modified time) to estimate a plausible expiration time. This specification does not provide specific algorithms, but does impose worst-case constraints on their results.¶

A cache MUST NOT use heuristics to determine freshness when an explicit expiration time is present in the stored response. Because of the requirements in Section 3, this means that, effectively, heuristics can only be used on responses without explicit freshness whose status codes are defined as cacheable by default (see Section 9.1 of [Semantics]), and those responses without explicit freshness that have been marked as explicitly cacheable (e.g., with a "public" response directive).¶

If the response has a Last-Modified header field (Section 10.2.2 of [Semantics]), caches are encouraged to use a heuristic expiration value that is no more than some fraction of the interval since that time. A typical setting of this fraction might be 10%.¶

When a heuristic is used to calculate freshness lifetime, a cache SHOULD generate a Warning header field with a 113 warn-code (see Section 5.5.4) in the response if its current_age is more than 24 hours and such a warning is not already present.¶

4.2.3. Calculating Age

The Age header field is used to convey an estimated age of the response message when obtained from a cache. The Age field value is the cache's estimate of the number of seconds since the response was generated or validated by the origin server. In essence, the Age value is the sum of the time that the response has been resident in each of the caches along the path from the origin server, plus the amount of time it has been in transit along network paths.¶

The following data is used for the age calculation:¶

age_value: The term "age_value" denotes the value of the Age header field (Section 5.1), in a form appropriate for arithmetic operation; or 0, if not available.
date_value: The term "date_value" denotes the value of the Date header field, in a form appropriate for arithmetic operations. See Section 10.1.1.2 of [Semantics] for the definition of the Date header field, and for requirements regarding responses without it.
now: The term "now" means "the current value of the clock at the host performing the calculation". A host ought to use NTP ([RFC5905]) or some similar protocol to synchronize its clocks to Coordinated Universal Time.
request_time: The current value of the clock at the host at the time the request resulting in the stored response was made.
response_time: The current value of the clock at the host at the time the response was received.

A response's age can be calculated in two entirely independent ways: ¶

the "apparent_age": response_time minus date_value, if the local clock is reasonably well synchronized to the origin server's clock. If the result is negative, the result is replaced by zero.
the "corrected_age_value", if all of the caches along the response path implement HTTP/1.1. A cache MUST interpret this value relative to the time the request was initiated, not the time that the response was received.

  apparent_age = max(0, response_time - date_value);

  response_delay = response_time - request_time;
  corrected_age_value = age_value + response_delay;

These are combined as

  corrected_initial_age = max(apparent_age, corrected_age_value);

unless the cache is confident in the value of the Age header field (e.g., because there are no HTTP/1.0 hops in the Via header field), in which case the corrected_age_value MAY be used as the corrected_initial_age.¶

The current_age of a stored response can then be calculated by adding the amount of time (in seconds) since the stored response was last validated by the origin server to the corrected_initial_age.¶

  resident_time = now - response_time;
  current_age = corrected_initial_age + resident_time;

4.2.4. Serving Stale Responses

A "stale" response is one that either has explicit expiry information or is allowed to have heuristic expiry calculated, but is not fresh according to the calculations in Section 4.2.¶

A cache MUST NOT generate a stale response if it is prohibited by an explicit in-protocol directive (e.g., by a "no-store" or "no-cache" cache directive, a "must-revalidate" cache-response-directive, or an applicable "s-maxage" or "proxy-revalidate" cache-response-directive; see Section 5.2.2).¶

A cache MUST NOT send stale responses unless it is disconnected (i.e., it cannot contact the origin server or otherwise find a forward path) or doing so is explicitly allowed (e.g., by the max-stale request directive; see Section 5.2.1).¶

A cache SHOULD generate a Warning header field with the 110 warn-code (see Section 5.5.1) in stale responses. Likewise, a cache SHOULD generate a 112 warn-code (see Section 5.5.3) in stale responses if the cache is disconnected.¶

A cache SHOULD NOT generate a new Warning header field when forwarding a response that does not have an Age header field, even if the response is already stale. A cache need not validate a response that merely became stale in transit.¶

4.3. Validation

When a cache has one or more stored responses for a requested URI, but cannot serve any of them (e.g., because they are not fresh, or one cannot be selected; see Section 4.1), it can use the conditional request mechanism Section 8.2 of [Semantics] in the forwarded request to give the next inbound server an opportunity to select a valid stored response to use, updating the stored metadata in the process, or to replace the stored response(s) with a new response. This process is known as "validating" or "revalidating" the stored response.¶

4.3.1. Sending a Validation Request

When sending a conditional request for cache validation, a cache sends one or more precondition header fields containing validator metadata from its stored response(s), which is then compared by recipients to determine whether a stored response is equivalent to a current representation of the resource.¶

One such validator is the timestamp given in a Last-Modified header field (Section 10.2.2 of [Semantics]), which can be used in an If-Modified-Since header field for response validation, or in an If-Unmodified-Since or If-Range header field for representation selection (i.e., the client is referring specifically to a previously obtained representation with that timestamp).¶

Another validator is the entity-tag given in an ETag header field (Section 10.2.3 of [Semantics]). One or more entity-tags, indicating one or more stored responses, can be used in an If-None-Match header field for response validation, or in an If-Match or If-Range header field for representation selection (i.e., the client is referring specifically to one or more previously obtained representations with the listed entity-tags).¶

4.3.2. Handling a Received Validation Request

Each client in the request chain may have its own cache, so it is common for a cache at an intermediary to receive conditional requests from other (outbound) caches. Likewise, some user agents make use of conditional requests to limit data transfers to recently modified representations or to complete the transfer of a partially retrieved representation.¶

If a cache receives a request that can be satisfied by reusing one of its stored 200 (OK) or 206 (Partial Content) responses, the cache SHOULD evaluate any applicable conditional header field preconditions received in that request with respect to the corresponding validators contained within the selected response. A cache MUST NOT evaluate conditional header fields that are only applicable to an origin server, found in a request with semantics that cannot be satisfied with a cached response, or applied to a target resource for which it has no stored responses; such preconditions are likely intended for some other (inbound) server.¶

The proper evaluation of conditional requests by a cache depends on the received precondition header fields and their precedence, as defined in Section 8.2.2 of [Semantics]. The If-Match and If-Unmodified-Since conditional header fields are not applicable to a cache.¶

A request containing an If-None-Match header field (Section 8.2.4 of [Semantics]) indicates that the client wants to validate one or more of its own stored responses in comparison to whichever stored response is selected by the cache. If the field-value is "*", or if the field-value is a list of entity-tags and at least one of them matches the entity-tag of the selected stored response, a cache recipient SHOULD generate a 304 (Not Modified) response (using the metadata of the selected stored response) instead of sending that stored response.¶

When a cache decides to revalidate its own stored responses for a request that contains an If-None-Match list of entity-tags, the cache MAY combine the received list with a list of entity-tags from its own stored set of responses (fresh or stale) and send the union of the two lists as a replacement If-None-Match header field value in the forwarded request. If a stored response contains only partial content, the cache MUST NOT include its entity-tag in the union unless the request is for a range that would be fully satisfied by that partial stored response. If the response to the forwarded request is 304 (Not Modified) and has an ETag header field value with an entity-tag that is not in the client's list, the cache MUST generate a 200 (OK) response for the client by reusing its corresponding stored response, as updated by the 304 response metadata (Section 4.3.4).¶

If an If-None-Match header field is not present, a request containing an If-Modified-Since header field (Section 8.2.5 of [Semantics]) indicates that the client wants to validate one or more of its own stored responses by modification date. A cache recipient SHOULD generate a 304 (Not Modified) response (using the metadata of the selected stored response) if one of the following cases is true: 1) the selected stored response has a Last-Modified field-value that is earlier than or equal to the conditional timestamp; 2) no Last-Modified field is present in the selected stored response, but it has a Date field-value that is earlier than or equal to the conditional timestamp; or, 3) neither Last-Modified nor Date is present in the selected stored response, but the cache recorded it as having been received at a time earlier than or equal to the conditional timestamp.¶

A cache that implements partial responses to range requests, as defined in Section 8.3 of [Semantics], also needs to evaluate a received If-Range header field (Section 8.2.7 of [Semantics]) with respect to its selected stored response.¶

4.3.3. Handling a Validation Response

Cache handling of a response to a conditional request is dependent upon its status code:¶

A 304 (Not Modified) response status code indicates that the stored response can be updated and reused; see Section 4.3.4.
A full response (i.e., one with a payload body) indicates that none of the stored responses nominated in the conditional request is suitable. Instead, the cache MUST use the full response to satisfy the request and MAY replace the stored response(s).
However, if a cache receives a 5xx (Server Error) response while attempting to validate a response, it can either forward this response to the requesting client, or act as if the server failed to respond. In the latter case, the cache MAY send a previously stored response (see Section 4.2.4).

4.3.4. Freshening Stored Responses upon Validation

When a cache receives a 304 (Not Modified) response and already has one or more stored 200 (OK) responses for the same cache key, the cache needs to identify which of the stored responses are updated by this new response and then update the stored response(s) with the new information provided in the 304 response.¶

The stored response to update is identified by using the first match (if any) of the following: ¶

If the new response contains a strong validator (see Section 10.2.1 of [Semantics]), then that strong validator identifies the selected representation for update. All of the stored responses with the same strong validator are selected. If none of the stored responses contain the same strong validator, then the cache MUST NOT use the new response to update any stored responses.
If the new response contains a weak validator and that validator corresponds to one of the cache's stored responses, then the most recent of those matching stored responses is selected for update.
If the new response does not include any form of validator (such as in the case where a client generates an If-Modified-Since request from a source other than the Last-Modified response header field), and there is only one stored response, and that stored response also lacks a validator, then that stored response is selected for update.

If a stored response is selected for update, the cache MUST: ¶

delete any Warning header fields in the stored response with warn-code 1xx (see Section 5.5);
retain any Warning header fields in the stored response with warn-code 2xx; and,
use other header fields provided in the 304 (Not Modified) response to replace all instances of the corresponding header fields in the stored response.

4.3.5. Freshening Responses via HEAD

A response to the HEAD method is identical to what an equivalent request made with a GET would have been, except it lacks a body. This property of HEAD responses can be used to invalidate or update a cached GET response if the more efficient conditional GET request mechanism is not available (due to no validators being present in the stored response) or if transmission of the representation body is not desired even if it has changed.¶

When a cache makes an inbound HEAD request for a given request target and receives a 200 (OK) response, the cache SHOULD update or invalidate each of its stored GET responses that could have been selected for that request (see Section 4.1).¶

For each of the stored responses that could have been selected, if the stored response and HEAD response have matching values for any received validator fields (ETag and Last-Modified) and, if the HEAD response has a Content-Length header field, the value of Content-Length matches that of the stored response, the cache SHOULD update the stored response as described below; otherwise, the cache SHOULD consider the stored response to be stale.¶

If a cache updates a stored response with the metadata provided in a HEAD response, the cache MUST: ¶

delete any Warning header fields in the stored response with warn-code 1xx (see Section 5.5);
retain any Warning header fields in the stored response with warn-code 2xx; and,
use other header fields provided in the HEAD response to replace all instances of the corresponding header fields in the stored response and append new header fields to the stored response's header section unless otherwise restricted by the Cache-Control header field.

4.4. Invalidation

Because unsafe request methods (Section 7.2.1 of [Semantics]) such as PUT, POST or DELETE have the potential for changing state on the origin server, intervening caches can use them to keep their contents up to date.¶

A cache MUST invalidate the effective Request URI (Section 5.3 of [Semantics]) as well as the URI(s) in the Location and Content-Location response header fields (if present) when a non-error status code is received in response to an unsafe request method.¶

However, a cache MUST NOT invalidate a URI from a Location or Content-Location response header field if the host part of that URI differs from the host part in the effective request URI (Section 5.3 of [Semantics]). This helps prevent denial-of-service attacks.¶

A cache MUST invalidate the effective request URI (Section 5.3 of [Semantics]) when it receives a non-error response to a request with a method whose safety is unknown.¶

Here, a "non-error response" is one with a 2xx (Successful) or 3xx (Redirection) status code. "Invalidate" means that the cache will either remove all stored responses related to the effective request URI or will mark these as "invalid" and in need of a mandatory validation before they can be sent in response to a subsequent request.¶

Note that this does not guarantee that all appropriate responses are invalidated. For example, a state-changing request might invalidate responses in the caches it travels through, but relevant responses still might be stored in other caches that it has not.¶

5. Header Field Definitions

This section defines the syntax and semantics of HTTP/1.1 header fields related to caching.¶

Header Field Name	Protocol	Status	Reference
Age	http	standard	Section 5.1
Cache-Control	http	standard	Section 5.2
Expires	http	standard	Section 5.3
Pragma	http	standard	Section 5.4
Warning	http	standard	Section 5.5

5.1. Age

The "Age" header field conveys the sender's estimate of the amount of time since the response was generated or successfully validated at the origin server. Age values are calculated as specified in Section 4.2.3.¶

  Age = delta-seconds

The Age field-value is a non-negative integer, representing time in seconds (see Section 1.3).¶

The presence of an Age header field implies that the response was not generated or validated by the origin server for this request. However, lack of an Age header field does not imply the origin was contacted, since the response might have been received from an HTTP/1.0 cache that does not implement Age.¶

5.2. Cache-Control

The "Cache-Control" header field is used to specify directives for caches along the request/response chain. Such cache directives are unidirectional in that the presence of a directive in a request does not imply that the same directive is to be given in the response.¶

A cache MUST obey the requirements of the Cache-Control directives defined in this section. See Section 5.2.3 for information about how Cache-Control directives defined elsewhere are handled.¶

A proxy, whether or not it implements a cache, MUST pass cache directives through in forwarded messages, regardless of their significance to that application, since the directives might be applicable to all recipients along the request/response chain. It is not possible to target a directive to a specific cache.¶

Cache directives are identified by a token, to be compared case-insensitively, and have an optional argument, that can use both token and quoted-string syntax. For the directives defined below that define arguments, recipients ought to accept both forms, even if one is documented to be preferred. For any directive not defined by this specification, a recipient MUST accept both forms.¶

  Cache-Control   = 1#cache-directive

  cache-directive = token [ "=" ( token / quoted-string ) ]

For the cache directives defined below, no argument is defined (nor allowed) unless stated otherwise.¶

Cache Directive	Reference
max-age	Section 5.2.1.1, Section 5.2.2.8
max-stale	Section 5.2.1.2
min-fresh	Section 5.2.1.3
must-revalidate	Section 5.2.2.1
no-cache	Section 5.2.1.4, Section 5.2.2.2
no-store	Section 5.2.1.5, Section 5.2.2.3
no-transform	Section 5.2.1.6, Section 5.2.2.4
only-if-cached	Section 5.2.1.7
private	Section 5.2.2.6
proxy-revalidate	Section 5.2.2.7
public	Section 5.2.2.5
s-maxage	Section 5.2.2.9
stale-if-error	[RFC5861], Section 4
stale-while-revalidate	[RFC5861], Section 3

5.2.1. Request Cache-Control Directives

5.2.1.1. max-age

Argument syntax: ¶

delta-seconds (see Section 1.3)

The "max-age" request directive indicates that the client is unwilling to accept a response whose age is greater than the specified number of seconds. Unless the max-stale request directive is also present, the client is not willing to accept a stale response.¶

This directive uses the token form of the argument syntax: e.g., 'max-age=5' not 'max-age="5"'. A sender SHOULD NOT generate the quoted-string form.¶

5.2.1.2. max-stale

Argument syntax: ¶

delta-seconds (see Section 1.3)

The "max-stale" request directive indicates that the client is willing to accept a response that has exceeded its freshness lifetime. If max-stale is assigned a value, then the client is willing to accept a response that has exceeded its freshness lifetime by no more than the specified number of seconds. If no value is assigned to max-stale, then the client is willing to accept a stale response of any age.¶

This directive uses the token form of the argument syntax: e.g., 'max-stale=10' not 'max-stale="10"'. A sender SHOULD NOT generate the quoted-string form.¶

5.2.1.3. min-fresh

Argument syntax: ¶

delta-seconds (see Section 1.3)

The "min-fresh" request directive indicates that the client is willing to accept a response whose freshness lifetime is no less than its current age plus the specified time in seconds. That is, the client wants a response that will still be fresh for at least the specified number of seconds.¶

This directive uses the token form of the argument syntax: e.g., 'min-fresh=20' not 'min-fresh="20"'. A sender SHOULD NOT generate the quoted-string form.¶

5.2.1.4. no-cache

The "no-cache" request directive indicates that a cache MUST NOT use a stored response to satisfy the request without successful validation on the origin server.¶

5.2.1.5. no-store

The "no-store" request directive indicates that a cache MUST NOT store any part of either this request or any response to it. This directive applies to both private and shared caches. "MUST NOT store" in this context means that the cache MUST NOT intentionally store the information in non-volatile storage, and MUST make a best-effort attempt to remove the information from volatile storage as promptly as possible after forwarding it.¶

This directive is NOT a reliable or sufficient mechanism for ensuring privacy. In particular, malicious or compromised caches might not recognize or obey this directive, and communications networks might be vulnerable to eavesdropping.¶

Note that if a request containing this directive is satisfied from a cache, the no-store request directive does not apply to the already stored response.¶

5.2.1.6. no-transform

The "no-transform" request directive indicates that an intermediary (whether or not it implements a cache) MUST NOT transform the payload, as defined in Section 5.6.2 of [Semantics].¶

5.2.1.7. only-if-cached

The "only-if-cached" request directive indicates that the client only wishes to obtain a stored response. If it receives this directive, a cache SHOULD either respond using a stored response that is consistent with the other constraints of the request, or respond with a 504 (Gateway Timeout) status code. If a group of caches is being operated as a unified system with good internal connectivity, a member cache MAY forward such a request within that group of caches.¶

5.2.2. Response Cache-Control Directives

5.2.2.1. must-revalidate

The "must-revalidate" response directive indicates that once it has become stale, a cache MUST NOT use the response to satisfy subsequent requests without successful validation on the origin server.¶

The must-revalidate directive is necessary to support reliable operation for certain protocol features. In all circumstances a cache MUST obey the must-revalidate directive; in particular, if a cache cannot reach the origin server for any reason, it MUST generate a 504 (Gateway Timeout) response.¶

The must-revalidate directive ought to be used by servers if and only if failure to validate a request on the representation could result in incorrect operation, such as a silently unexecuted financial transaction.¶

5.2.2.2. no-cache

Argument syntax: ¶

#field-name

The "no-cache" response directive indicates that the response MUST NOT be used to satisfy a subsequent request without successful validation on the origin server. This allows an origin server to prevent a cache from using it to satisfy a request without contacting it, even by caches that have been configured to send stale responses.¶

If the no-cache response directive specifies one or more field-names, then a cache MAY use the response to satisfy a subsequent request, subject to any other restrictions on caching. However, any header fields in the response that have the field-name(s) listed MUST NOT be sent in the response to a subsequent request without successful revalidation with the origin server. This allows an origin server to prevent the re-use of certain header fields in a response, while still allowing caching of the rest of the response.¶

The field-names given are not limited to the set of header fields defined by this specification. Field names are case-insensitive.¶

This directive uses the quoted-string form of the argument syntax. A sender SHOULD NOT generate the token form (even if quoting appears not to be needed for single-entry lists).¶

Note: Although it has been back-ported to many implementations, some HTTP/1.0 caches will not recognize or obey this directive. Also, no-cache response directives with field-names are often handled by caches as if an unqualified no-cache directive was received; i.e., the special handling for the qualified form is not widely implemented.¶

5.2.2.3. no-store

The "no-store" response directive indicates that a cache MUST NOT store any part of either the immediate request or response. This directive applies to both private and shared caches. "MUST NOT store" in this context means that the cache MUST NOT intentionally store the information in non-volatile storage, and MUST make a best-effort attempt to remove the information from volatile storage as promptly as possible after forwarding it.¶

5.2.2.4. no-transform

The "no-transform" response directive indicates that an intermediary (regardless of whether it implements a cache) MUST NOT transform the payload, as defined in Section 5.6.2 of [Semantics].¶

5.2.2.5. public

The "public" response directive indicates that any cache MAY store the response, even if the response would normally be non-cacheable or cacheable only within a private cache. (See Section 3.2 for additional details related to the use of public in response to a request containing Authorization, and Section 3 for details of how public affects responses that would normally not be stored, due to their status codes not being defined as cacheable by default; see Section 4.2.2.)¶

5.2.2.6. private

Argument syntax: ¶

#field-name

The "private" response directive indicates that the response message is intended for a single user and MUST NOT be stored by a shared cache. A private cache MAY store the response and reuse it for later requests, even if the response would normally be non-cacheable.¶

If the private response directive specifies one or more field-names, this requirement is limited to the field-values associated with the listed response header fields. That is, a shared cache MUST NOT store the specified field-names(s), whereas it MAY store the remainder of the response message.¶

The field-names given are not limited to the set of header fields defined by this specification. Field names are case-insensitive.¶

This directive uses the quoted-string form of the argument syntax. A sender SHOULD NOT generate the token form (even if quoting appears not to be needed for single-entry lists).¶

Note: This usage of the word "private" only controls where the response can be stored; it cannot ensure the privacy of the message content. Also, private response directives with field-names are often handled by caches as if an unqualified private directive was received; i.e., the special handling for the qualified form is not widely implemented.¶

5.2.2.7. proxy-revalidate

The "proxy-revalidate" response directive has the same meaning as the must-revalidate response directive, except that it does not apply to private caches.¶

5.2.2.8. max-age

Argument syntax: ¶

delta-seconds (see Section 1.3)

The "max-age" response directive indicates that the response is to be considered stale after its age is greater than the specified number of seconds.¶

This directive uses the token form of the argument syntax: e.g., 'max-age=5' not 'max-age="5"'. A sender SHOULD NOT generate the quoted-string form.¶

5.2.2.9. s-maxage

Argument syntax: ¶

delta-seconds (see Section 1.3)

The "s-maxage" response directive indicates that, in shared caches, the maximum age specified by this directive overrides the maximum age specified by either the max-age directive or the Expires header field. The s-maxage directive also implies the semantics of the proxy-revalidate response directive.¶

This directive uses the token form of the argument syntax: e.g., 's-maxage=10' not 's-maxage="10"'. A sender SHOULD NOT generate the quoted-string form.¶

5.2.3. Cache Control Extensions

The Cache-Control header field can be extended through the use of one or more cache-extension tokens, each with an optional value. A cache MUST ignore unrecognized cache directives.¶

Informational extensions (those that do not require a change in cache behavior) can be added without changing the semantics of other directives.¶

Behavioral extensions are designed to work by acting as modifiers to the existing base of cache directives. Both the new directive and the old directive are supplied, such that applications that do not understand the new directive will default to the behavior specified by the old directive, and those that understand the new directive will recognize it as modifying the requirements associated with the old directive. In this way, extensions to the existing cache-control directives can be made without breaking deployed caches.¶

For example, consider a hypothetical new response directive called "community" that acts as a modifier to the private directive: in addition to private caches, any cache that is shared only by members of the named community is allowed to cache the response. An origin server wishing to allow the UCI community to use an otherwise private response in their shared cache(s) could do so by including¶

  Cache-Control: private, community="UCI"

A cache that recognizes such a community cache-extension could broaden its behavior in accordance with that extension. A cache that does not recognize the community cache-extension would ignore it and adhere to the private directive.¶

New extension directives ought to consider defining:¶

What it means for a directive to be specified multiple times,
When the directive does not take an argument, what it means when an argument is present,
When the directive requires an argument, what it means when it is missing,
Whether the directive is specific to requests, responses, or able to be used in either.

5.2.4. Cache Directive Registry

The "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Cache Directive Registry" defines the namespace for the cache directives. It has been created and is now maintained at <https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-cache-directives>.¶

A registration MUST include the following fields: ¶

Cache Directive Name
Pointer to specification text

Values to be added to this namespace require IETF Review (see [RFC8126], Section 4.8).¶

5.3. Expires

The "Expires" header field gives the date/time after which the response is considered stale. See Section 4.2 for further discussion of the freshness model.¶

The presence of an Expires field does not imply that the original resource will change or cease to exist at, before, or after that time.¶

The Expires value is an HTTP-date timestamp, as defined in Section 10.1.1.1 of [Semantics].¶

  Expires = HTTP-date

For example

  Expires: Thu, 01 Dec 1994 16:00:00 GMT

A cache recipient MUST interpret invalid date formats, especially the value "0", as representing a time in the past (i.e., "already expired").¶

If a response includes a Cache-Control field with the max-age directive (Section 5.2.2.8), a recipient MUST ignore the Expires field. Likewise, if a response includes the s-maxage directive (Section 5.2.2.9), a shared cache recipient MUST ignore the Expires field. In both these cases, the value in Expires is only intended for recipients that have not yet implemented the Cache-Control field.¶

An origin server without a clock MUST NOT generate an Expires field unless its value represents a fixed time in the past (always expired) or its value has been associated with the resource by a system or user with a reliable clock.¶

Historically, HTTP required the Expires field-value to be no more than a year in the future. While longer freshness lifetimes are no longer prohibited, extremely large values have been demonstrated to cause problems (e.g., clock overflows due to use of 32-bit integers for time values), and many caches will evict a response far sooner than that.¶

5.4. Pragma

The "Pragma" header field allows backwards compatibility with HTTP/1.0 caches, so that clients can specify a "no-cache" request that they will understand (as Cache-Control was not defined until HTTP/1.1). When the Cache-Control header field is also present and understood in a request, Pragma is ignored.¶

In HTTP/1.0, Pragma was defined as an extensible field for implementation-specified directives for recipients. This specification deprecates such extensions to improve interoperability.¶

  Pragma           = 1#pragma-directive
  pragma-directive = "no-cache" / extension-pragma
  extension-pragma = token [ "=" ( token / quoted-string ) ]

When the Cache-Control header field is not present in a request, caches MUST consider the no-cache request pragma-directive as having the same effect as if "Cache-Control: no-cache" were present (see Section 5.2.1).¶

When sending a no-cache request, a client ought to include both the pragma and cache-control directives, unless Cache-Control: no-cache is purposefully omitted to target other Cache-Control request directives at HTTP/1.1 caches. For example:¶

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Cache-Control: max-age=30
Pragma: no-cache

will constrain HTTP/1.1 caches to serve a response no older than 30 seconds, while precluding implementations that do not understand Cache-Control from serving a cached response.¶

5.5. Warning

The "Warning" header field is used to carry additional information about the status or transformation of a message that might not be reflected in the status code. This information is typically used to warn about possible incorrectness introduced by caching operations or transformations applied to the payload of the message.¶

Warnings can be used for other purposes, both cache-related and otherwise. The use of a warning, rather than an error status code, distinguishes these responses from true failures.¶

Warning header fields can in general be applied to any message, however some warn-codes are specific to caches and can only be applied to response messages.¶

  Warning       = 1#warning-value
  
  warning-value = warn-code SP warn-agent SP warn-text
                                        [ SP warn-date ]
  
  warn-code  = 3DIGIT
  warn-agent = ( uri-host [ ":" port ] ) / pseudonym
                  ; the name or pseudonym of the server adding
                  ; the Warning header field, for use in debugging
                  ; a single "-" is recommended when agent unknown
  warn-text  = quoted-string
  warn-date  = DQUOTE HTTP-date DQUOTE

Multiple warnings can be generated in a response (either by the origin server or by a cache), including multiple warnings with the same warn-code number that only differ in warn-text.¶

A user agent that receives one or more Warning header fields SHOULD inform the user of as many of them as possible, in the order that they appear in the response. Senders that generate multiple Warning header fields are encouraged to order them with this user agent behavior in mind. A sender that generates new Warning header fields MUST append them after any existing Warning header fields.¶

Warnings are assigned three digit warn-codes. The first digit indicates whether the Warning is required to be deleted from a stored response after validation: ¶

1xx warn-codes describe the freshness or validation status of the response, and so they MUST be deleted by a cache after validation. They can only be generated by a cache when validating a cached entry, and MUST NOT be generated in any other situation.
2xx warn-codes describe some aspect of the representation that is not rectified by a validation (for example, a lossy compression of the representation) and they MUST NOT be deleted by a cache after validation, unless a full response is sent, in which case they MUST be.

If a sender generates one or more 1xx warn-codes in a message to be sent to a recipient known to implement only HTTP/1.0, the sender MUST include in each corresponding warning-value a warn-date that matches the Date header field in the message. For example:¶

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sat, 25 Aug 2012 23:34:45 GMT
Warning: 112 - "network down" "Sat, 25 Aug 2012 23:34:45 GMT"

Warnings have accompanying warn-text that describes the error, e.g., for logging. It is advisory only, and its content does not affect interpretation of the warn-code.¶

If a recipient that uses, evaluates, or displays Warning header fields receives a warn-date that is different from the Date value in the same message, the recipient MUST exclude the warning-value containing that warn-date before storing, forwarding, or using the message. This allows recipients to exclude warning-values that were improperly retained after a cache validation. If all of the warning-values are excluded, the recipient MUST exclude the Warning header field as well.¶

The following warn-codes are defined by this specification, each with a recommended warn-text in English, and a description of its meaning. The procedure for defining additional warn codes is described in Section 5.5.8.¶

Warn Code	Short Description	Reference
110	Response is Stale	Section 5.5.1
111	Revalidation Failed	Section 5.5.2
112	Disconnected Operation	Section 5.5.3
113	Heuristic Expiration	Section 5.5.4
199	Miscellaneous Warning	Section 5.5.5
214	Transformation Applied	Section 5.5.6
299	Miscellaneous Persistent Warning	Section 5.5.7

5.5.1. Warning: 110 - "Response is Stale"

A cache SHOULD generate this whenever the sent response is stale.¶

5.5.2. Warning: 111 - "Revalidation Failed"

A cache SHOULD generate this when sending a stale response because an attempt to validate the response failed, due to an inability to reach the server.¶

5.5.3. Warning: 112 - "Disconnected Operation"

A cache SHOULD generate this if it is intentionally disconnected from the rest of the network for a period of time.¶

5.5.4. Warning: 113 - "Heuristic Expiration"

A cache SHOULD generate this if it heuristically chose a freshness lifetime greater than 24 hours and the response's age is greater than 24 hours.¶

5.5.5. Warning: 199 - "Miscellaneous Warning"

The warning text can include arbitrary information to be presented to a human user or logged. A system receiving this warning MUST NOT take any automated action, besides presenting the warning to the user.¶

5.5.6. Warning: 214 - "Transformation Applied"

This Warning code MUST be added by a proxy if it applies any transformation to the representation, such as changing the content-coding, media-type, or modifying the representation data, unless this Warning code already appears in the response.¶

5.5.7. Warning: 299 - "Miscellaneous Persistent Warning"

The warning text can include arbitrary information to be presented to a human user or logged. A system receiving this warning MUST NOT take any automated action.¶

5.5.8. Warn Code Registry

The "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Warn Codes" registry defines the namespace for warn codes. It has been created and is now maintained at <https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-warn-codes>.¶

A registration MUST include the following fields: ¶

Warn Code (3 digits)
Short Description
Pointer to specification text

Values to be added to this namespace require IETF Review (see [RFC8126], Section 4.8).¶

3.1. Storing Incomplete Responses

A response message is considered complete when all of the octets indicated by the message framing ([Messaging]) are received prior to the connection being closed. If the request method is GET, the response status code is 200 (OK), and the entire response header section has been received, a cache MAY store an incomplete response message body if the cache entry is recorded as incomplete. Likewise, a 206 (Partial Content) response MAY be stored as if it were an incomplete 200 (OK) cache entry. However, a cache MUST NOT store incomplete or partial-content responses if it does not support the Range and Content-Range header fields or if it does not understand the range units used in those fields.¶

A cache MAY complete a stored incomplete response by making a subsequent range request (Section 8.3 of [Semantics]) and combining the successful response with the stored entry, as defined in Section 3.3. A cache MUST NOT use an incomplete response to answer requests unless the response has been made complete or the request is partial and specifies a range that is wholly within the incomplete response. A cache MUST NOT send a partial response to a client without explicitly marking it as such using the 206 (Partial Content) status code.¶

3.2. Storing Responses to Authenticated Requests

A shared cache MUST NOT use a cached response to a request with an Authorization header field (Section 8.5.3 of [Semantics]) to satisfy any subsequent request unless a cache directive that allows such responses to be stored is present in the response.¶

In this specification, the following Cache-Control response directives (Section 5.2.2) have such an effect: must-revalidate, public, and s-maxage.¶

Note that cached responses that contain the "must-revalidate" and/or "s-maxage" response directives are not allowed to be served stale (Section 4.2.4) by shared caches. In particular, a response with either "max-age=0, must-revalidate" or "s-maxage=0" cannot be used to satisfy a subsequent request without revalidating it on the origin server.¶

3.3. Combining Partial Content

A response might transfer only a partial representation if the connection closed prematurely or if the request used one or more Range specifiers (Section 8.3 of [Semantics]). After several such transfers, a cache might have received several ranges of the same representation. A cache MAY combine these ranges into a single stored response, and reuse that response to satisfy later requests, if they all share the same strong validator and the cache complies with the client requirements in Section 9.3.7.3 of [Semantics].¶

When combining the new response with one or more stored responses, a cache MUST: ¶

delete any Warning header fields in the stored response with warn-code 1xx (see Section 5.5);
retain any Warning header fields in the stored response with warn-code 2xx; and,
use other header fields provided in the new response, aside from Content-Range, to replace all instances of the corresponding header fields in the stored response.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

9.2. Informative References