PDF for an RFC Series Output Document Format

For a consistent "look" of RFC and good style, the PDFs produced by the RFC editor should have a clear, consistent, identifiable and easy-to-read style. They should print well on the widest range of printers, and look good on displays of varying resolution.¶

PDF files are laid out for a particular size of page and margins. There are two paper sizes in common use: "US Letter" (8.5 x 11 inches, 216x279 mm, in popular use in North America) and "A4" (210x297 mm, 8.27x11.7 inches, standard for the rest of the world). Usually PDF printing software is used in a "shrink to fit" mode where the printing is adjusted to fit the paper in the printer. There is some controversy, but the argument that A4 is an international standard is compelling. However, if the margins and header positioning are chosen appropriately, the document can be printed without any scaling.¶

Recommendation: The Internet-Draft and RFC processors should produce A4 size by default. However, the margins and header positioning need to be chosen to look good on both paper sizes without scaling.¶

Page headers and footers are part of the page layout. There are a variety of options. Note that page headers and footers in PDF can be typeset in a way that the entire (longer) title might fit.¶

Recommendation: Page headers and footers should contain similar information as the headings in the current text versions of documents, including page numbers, title, author, working group. However, the page headers and footers should be typeset in a way so as to be unobtrusive. The page headers and footers should be placed into the PDF in a way not to interfere with screen readers.¶

One common feature of the Internet-draft output formats are optional visible paragraph numbers, to aid in discussions. In the PDF and thus printed rendition, it is possible to make paragraph numbers unobtrusive, and even to impinge on the margins.¶

Recommendation: When the XML "editing=yes" option has been chosen, show paragraph numbers in the right margin, typeset in a way so as to be unobtrusive. (The right margin instead of the left margin prevents the paragraph numbers from being confused with the section numbers.) If possible, the paragraph numbers should be coded in a way that they do not interfere with screen readers.¶

By its nature, PDF is paginated, so pagination issues must be considered. This is reflected in two areas: running headers and footers, and how text is layed out on a page for optimal reading.¶

Appendix B describes the process of creating a paged document from running text such that related material is present on the same page together and artifacts of pagination don't interfere with easy reading of the document.¶

Layout engines differ in the quality of the algorithms used to automate these processes. In some cases, the automated processes require some manual assistance to ensure, for example, that a text line intended as a heading is "kept" with the text it is heading for.¶

Recommendations: ¶

• Headers and footers should be printed on each page. The information should include the RFC number or internet-draft name, the page number, the category (informational, etc.), a shortened version of the authors' names, the date of the RFC or internet-draft, and the short form of the document title.
• Choose a layout engine so that manual intervention is minimized, and that widow and orphan processing, heading and title contiguation are automatic.

A PDF may refer to a font by name, or it may use an embedded font. When a font is not embedded, a PDF viewer will attempt to locate a locally installed font of the same name. If it can not find an exact match, it will find a "close match". If a close match is not available, it will fall back to something implementation dependent and usually undesirable.¶

In addition, the PDF/A standards mandate the embedding of fonts. Instead of using additional software to embed the fonts, the software generating the PDF files should produce PDF/A-conforming files directly, thus ensuring that all glyphs include Unicode mappings and embedded fonts from the outset.¶

If the HTML version of the document is being visually mimicked, the font(s) chosen should have both variable width and constant width components, as well as bold and italic representations.¶

The typefaces used by Internet-Drafts and by RFCs need not be identical.¶

Few fonts have glyphs for the entire repertoire of Unicode characters; for this purpose, the PDF generation tool may need a set of fonts and a way of choosing them. The RFC Editor is defining where Unicode characters may be used within RFCs.[I-D.flanagan-nonascii] ¶

Typefaces are typically licensed and, in many cases, there is a fee for use by PDF creation tools; however, not for display or print of the embedded fonts.¶

Recommendations: ¶

• For consistent viewing, all fonts should be embedded. The fonts used must be available for use by the IETF community. Some discussion of available typefaces can be found in Appendix C.4.
• The choice of type faces with respect to serif, sans serif, monospace, etc., should follow the recommendations for HTML and CSS rendering [I-D.hildebrand-html-rfc] and [I-D.flanagan-rfc-css].
• The range of Unicode characters allowed in the XML source for Internet-Drafts and RFCs may be bounded by the availability of embeddable fonts with appropriate glyphs [I-D.flanagan-nonascii].

Typically, when doing page layout of running text, especially with narrow page width and long words, layout processors of English text often have the option of hyphenating words, or using existing hyphens as a place to introduce word breaks. However, inserting line breaks mid-word can be harmful when the "word" is actually a sequence of characters representing a protocol element or protocol sequence.¶

Recommendation: avoid introducing hyphenated line breaks mid-word into the visual display, consistent with requirements for plain text and HTML.¶

PDF supports hyperlinks both to sections of the same document and to other documents.¶

The conversion to PDF can generate: ¶

• hyperlinks within the document
• hyperlinks to other RFCs and Internet-Drafts
• hyperlinks to external locations
• hyperlinks within a table of contents
• hyperlinks within an index

Recommendations: ¶

• All hyperlinks available in the HTML rendition of the RFC should also be visible and active in the PDF produced. This includes both internal hyperlinks and hyperlinks to external resources.
• The table of contents, including page numbers, are useful when printed. These should also be hyperlinked to their respective sections.
• As specified in the section on Referencing RFCs in [RFC7322], hyperlinks to RFCs from the references section should point to the RFC "info" page, which then links to the various formats available.
• Hyperlinks to Internet-Drafts from the references section should point to the datatracker entry page for the draft, which then links to the various formats available.

There is some advantage to having the PDF files look like the text or HTML renderings of the same document. There are several options even so. The PDF ¶

1. could look like the text version of the document, or
2. could look like the text version of the document but with pictures rendered as pictures instead of using their ASCII-art equivalent, or
3. could look like the HTML version.

Recommendation: the PDF rendition should look like the HTML rendition, at least in spirit. Some differences from the HTML rendition would include different typeface and size (chosen for printing), page numbers in the table of contents and index, and the use of page headers and footers.¶

Most of the choices used for the [I-D.hildebrand-html-rfc] rendering and [I-D.flanagan-rfc-css] are thus applicable. See those documents for specifics on the rendering of the specific XML elements. Some notes are: ¶

• Every place in the document that would receive an HTML ID would be given an identical PDF named destination. In addition, a named destination will be created for each page with the form "pg-#", as in "pg-35".
• No pilcrows are generated or made visible.
• The table of contents (generated if the XML's <rfc> element's tocInclude attribute has the value "true") will have the section number linked to that section named destination, but will also include a page number that is linked to the page named destination. The section title and the page number will be separated by a visually-appropriate separator and the page numbers will be aligned with each other.
• The index (generated if the XML's <rfc> element's indexInclude attribute has the value "true") will have the section number linked to that section named destination, but will also include a page number that is linked to the page named destination.
• The running header in one line (on page 2 and all subsequent pages) has the RFC number on the left (RFC NNNN), the (possibly shortened form) title centered, and the date (Month Year) on the right. The text is rendered in a way that is visually unobtrusive.
• The running footer in one line (on all pages) has the author's last name on the left, category centered, and the page number on the right ([Page N]). The text is rendered in a way that is visually unobtrusive.

The contents of a PDF file can be represented in many ways. The PDF file could be generated: ¶

• as an image of the visual representation, such as a JPEG image of the word "IETF". That is, there might be no internal representation of letters, words or paragraphs at all.
• placing individual characters in position on the page, such as saying "put an 'F' here", then "put an 'T' before it", then "put an 'E' before that", then "put an 'I' before that" to render the word "IETF". That is, there might be no internal representation of words or paragraphs at all.
• placing words in position on the page, such as keeping the word "IETF" would be kept together. That is, there might be no internal representation of paragraphs at all.
• ensuring that the running order of text in the content stream matches the logical reading order. That is, a sentence such as 'The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) supports the Internet.' would be kept together as a sentence, and multiple sentences within a paragraph would be kept together.

All of these end up with essentially the same visual representation of the output. However, each level has tradeoffs for auxiliary uses, such as searching or indexing, commenting and annotation, and accessibility (text-to-speech). Keeping the running order of text in the content stream in the proper order supports all of these auxiliary uses.¶

In addition, the "role map" feature of PDF (<http://help.adobe.com/en_US/acrobat/X/pro/using/WS58a04a822e3e50102bd615109794195ff-7cd8.w.html>) would additionally allow for the mapping of the logical tags found in the original XML into tags in the PDF.¶

Recommendations: ¶

• Text in content streams should follow the XML document's logical order (in the order of tags) to the extent possible. This will provide optimal reuse by software that does not understand Tagged PDF. (PDF/UA requires this.)
• It might be possible to use the "role map" annotation to capture enough of the xml2rfc source structure, to the point where it is possible to reconstruct the XML source structure completely. However, there is not a compelling case to do so over embedding the original XML, as described in Section 3.2.7.

PDF itself does not require use of Unicode. Text is represented as a sequence of glyphs which then can be mapped to Unicode.¶

Recommendations: ¶

• PDF files generated must have the full text, as it appears in the original XML.
• Unicode normalization may occur.
• Text within SVG for SVG images should also have Unicode mappings.
• Alt-text for images should also support Unicode.

The XML allows both ASCII art and SVG to be used for artwork.¶

Recommendations: ¶

• If both ASCII art and SVG are available for a picture, the SVG artwork should be the preferred over the ASCII artwork.
• ASCII artwork must be rendered using a monospace font.

Guidelines for accessibility of PDF <http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/PDF1.html> recommend that images, formulas, and other non-text items provide textual alternatives, using the '/Alt' Tag in PDF to provide human-readable text that can be vocalized by text-to-speech technology.¶

Recommendation: Any alt-text for artwork and figures available in the XML source should be stored using the PDF /Alt property. Internet draft authors and the RFC editor should ensure inclusion of alt-text for all SVG or images, within the XML source.¶

Metadata encodes information about the document authors, the document series, date created, etc. Having this metadata within the PDF file allows it to be used by search engines, viewers and other reuse tools. PDF supports embedded metadata in a variety of ways, including using XMP [XMP], the Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP). The RFC editor maintains metadata about an RFC on its info page.¶

Recommendation: The PDFs generated should have all of the metadata from the XML version embedded directly as XMP metadata, including the author, date, the document series, and a URL for where the document can be retrieved. This information should be consistent with the RFC editor info page at the time of publication.¶

PDF supports an "outline" feature where sections of the document are marked; this could be used in addition to the table of contents as a navigation aid.¶

The section structure of an RFC can be mapped into the PDF elements for the document structure. This will allow the bookmark feature of PDF readers to be used to quickly access sections of the document.¶

Recommendation: The section structure of an RFC should be mapped into the PDF elements for the document structure. This would include section headings for the boilerplate sections such as the Abstract, Status of the Document, Table of Contents, and Author Addresses, plus the obvious section headings that are normally included in the Table of Contents. If possible, this should be done in a way that the same fragment identifiers for the HTML version of the RFC will work for the PDF version.¶

PDF has the capability of including other files; the files may be labeled both by a media type and a role, the AFRelationship key [PDFA3]. In this way, the PDF file acts also as a container.¶

Embedded content may be compressed.¶

Many PDF viewers support the ability to view and extract embedded files, although this capability is not universal.¶

Embedding content in the PDF file allows the PDF to act as a complete package, which can be transformed, archived, and digitally signed. (Some sample code illustrating how items can be attached to a PDF file and subsequently extracted can be found at <https://github.com/Aiybe/xmptest>.) Useful possibilities: ¶

• Embed the source XML input file itself within the PDF. If the source SVG and images for illustrations are also embedded, this would make the PDF file totally self-referential.
• Embed directly extractable components that are useful for independent processing, including ABNF, MIBs, source code for reference implementations. This capability might be supported through other mechanisms from the XML source files, but could also be supported within the PDF.
• Finding, extracting and embedding other components may require additional markup to clearly identify them, and additional review to ensure the correctness of embedded files that are not visible.

Recommendations: ¶

• Embed the XML source and all illustrations, for RFCs, as a standard feature for xml2rfc's PDF output.
• If possible, make this a standard feature for Internet-Drafts as well.
• Named <sourcecode> entries should be embedded.
• Bitmap images (SVG sources, JPEGs, PNGs, etc) should be embedded.